一號站代理開戶_如何快速正確地做英語從句題?
從句往往是很多學生的難點,碰到從句的題時,很多學生就頭疼。其實很多時候不是學生不會做這類題,而是他們沒有掌握做此類題的方法。那怎樣才能快速地做這樣一類題呢?那就和小編來看看下面這幾點方法吧。
一、要能快速而準確地斷句
當學生們碰到一個難長句的時候,很多學生一下子就懵了,不知道從哪着手。其實第一步就是要找出句子的主幹,明白句子的中心意思。這樣才能把主句和從句分開。比如:
Anyone who cares about what schools and colleges teach and how their students learn will be interested in the memoir (回憶錄) of Ralph W. Tyler, who is one of the most famous men in American education.
我們來分析句子的結構:這是一個複合句。首先找出句子的主幹:Anyone will be interested in the memoir。Anyone是主語,謂語是will be interested in,memoir是賓語。
Anyone後面是一個由who引導的定語從句,用來限定Anyone所指的範圍。在這個從句中,又包含兩個由and連接並分別由what和how 引導的賓語從句,表示cares about的內容。
二、判斷從句所屬類型
我們已經把主句和從句分開了,現在要做的就是判斷一下從句到底是什麼從句。
英語中存在三類從句:定語從句、狀語從句和名詞性從句。
判斷的方法在於:看從句在整個句子中充當什麼成分。充當定語就是定語從句,充當狀語就是狀語從句,充當主語就是主語從句。在這一步驟中又存在一些方法:
一般來說,只要使用在名詞或代詞後面的從句都是定語從句;放在介詞和動詞後面的都是賓語從句;
句中有it做形式主語或形式賓語的話,那麼後面的從句就是主語或賓語從句;
放在系動詞和一些相當於系動詞的詞(remain, get, turn)後面的都是表語從句;
放在一些抽象名詞後面的且在從句中不充當成分的都是同位語從句。比如:
It is by no means clear _____the president can do to end the strike.
句子的主幹就是it is by no means,顯然在這個句中it充當的是形式主語,後面的_____the president can do就是一個主語從句,這是從句中缺少主語,我們就填的是what.
A lot of language learning, _____ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during the period.
句子的主幹就是language learning is happening in the first year of life. _____ has been discovered用來修飾整個主句的內容,又放在主句的中間,所以這是一個非限制性定語從句修飾整個主句的內容。我們都知道在定語從句中內代替整個句子內容的有兩個引導詞:which和as,只有as在引導非限制性定語從句時能放在句中,所以這個地方填的就是as。
________he is, he will be thinking of you.
顯然這句話的主幹就是:he will be thinking of you. _____ he is在整個句子當中充當的就是狀語,所以這部分就是狀語從句。在這個狀語從句中缺乏的就是表語,想到眾多的引導詞以後,我們最終選擇了wherever。因為wherever的意思是“無論在哪”,剛好符合題意,所以是最合適的一個。
Is this desk____ he bought for me yesterday?
Is this the desk _____ he bought for me yesterday?
碰到一般疑問句了,怎麼辦呢?我們第一步就是要把它變成陳述句。所以第一句話的主幹就是this desk is…,第二句話的主幹就是this is the desk。很顯然,第一句話後面的從句he bought for me就是一個表語從句,而第二句話後面的從句he bought for me就是一個定語從句。在第一句話中,表語從句中缺乏賓語,所以填的就是what。在第二句話中,定語從句中缺的也是賓語,我們填的是which/that或不填。所以做題時一定要細緻,向這兩個題的區別就在於一個定冠詞the.
三、判斷從句中缺什麼成分
判斷從句中缺什麼成分,然後根據各種從句的規則選擇引導詞。值得注意的有:
(1) 在定語從句中,除了as之外的引導詞,其他詞都沒有實在意義。還有就是定語從句中的引導詞不包括what, how和-ever型的詞,在狀語從句中的引導詞不包括that。在名詞性從句和狀語從句中,除了要判斷出從句中所缺成分之外,還要把引導詞的意思帶進句中,這樣才能最終選擇出答案。
(2) 關於that在各從句中的作用。我們都知道that在定語從句中指人或物,在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語。而that在名詞性從句中則不充當任何成分,也沒有實在意義。
(3) 關於no matter+疑問詞和-ever型的疑問詞的適用範圍。no matter+疑問詞只能引導狀語從句,而和-ever型的疑問詞既可引導名詞性從句,又可引導狀語從句。
(4) 在定語從句中,如果引導詞後面緊跟了一個名詞,那麼引導詞一定填的是whose,此時的whose可以和of which/whom +名詞或者是the+名詞+of which/whom互換。
(5) 在定語從句中缺的成分只有主賓表或狀語。如果在判斷完句子都不缺主要成分的情況下,那肯定就是缺狀語。要注意一些特殊的先行詞在句中充當狀語時,用的是引導詞where。比如:position, occasion, condition, stage等。請分析下面的句子:
①Sorry I’m late, but you cannot imagine ______ trouble I took to find your house.
②—Why didn’t you chat with that friendly foreigner just now?
– I’d like to have, but the trouble was _____ he said was difficult for me to understand.
③She’ll never forget her stay there _____ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.
④“I’d like to give my thanks to those _____ help my son will be able to survive his terrible disease.” Said the mother on TV.
⑤Some people are worried about the year 2012 _____ they think the earth will end in disaster,
Keys: what; that what; when; with whose; when.
下面請大家分析一下的難長句,找出句子的主幹以及分析句中的其他成分。
1.This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
結構分析:句子的主幹是This will be particularly true…。since引導原因狀語從句。此從句中又套嵌一個由關係代詞that引導的定語從句,修飾the high-energy American fashion。在定語從句中,that做主語,makes做謂語,it做形式賓語,不定式短語to combine few farmers with high yields則是真正的賓語(不定式短語內部to combine是主幹,few farmers是賓語,with high yields是狀語),possible做賓語補足語。this指代前句中提到的這種困境。energy pinch譯為“能源的匱乏”;n…fashion譯為“用…方法、方式”。
譯文:這種困境將是確定無疑的,因為能源的匱乏,高能量消耗這種美國耕種方式將很難在農業中繼續下去,而這種耕種方式使投入少數农民就可獲得高產成為可能。
2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter,we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.
結構分析:句子的主幹是we must be sure…。since引導原因狀語從句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有that引導的賓語從句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此賓語從句中又套嵌一個由介詞with+which引導的定語從句with which we are comparing our subjects修飾先行詞the scale。scale在此處意為“尺度、衡量標準”。
譯文:既然對智力的評估相比較而言的,那麼我們必須確保,在對我們的對象進行比較時,我們所用的尺度能夠提供“有效的”或“公平的”比較。
3. In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.
結構分析:句子的框架是the tests work most effectively when…and least effectively when…。and連接兩個並列分句,每個並列分句中皆有一個when引導的時間狀語從句分別說明work most effectively和and(work)least effectively。第二個時間狀語從句中還有一個主語從句what…predicted。the tests是主句的主語,work為動詞做謂語。qualities在此處是可數名詞,不譯為“質量”,而譯為“特徵”。defined不能直譯為“被定義為”,而應譯為主動語態“界定”。
譯文:一般來說,當所需要測定的特徵能被精確界定時,測試最為有效;而當所測定或預測的東西不能被明確界定時,測試效果最差。
4. For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
結構分析:句子的框架是they do not compensate…,and thus do not tell how…。and連接兩個並列分句,第二個並列分句中由how引導的賓語從句是一個帶有虛擬條件句的主從複合句,其中had he grown up…(=If he had grown up…)是省略了連詞if的非真實條件句。主句主語的they,在此代指上文提到的tests; able在句中作might have been的表語。underprivileged在此不能譯為“沒有特權的”,而譯為“沒有地位的”或“物質條件差的”。
譯文:例如,測試並不能彌補明顯的社會不公;因此,它們不能說明一個物質條件差的年輕人,如果在較好的環境中成長的話,會有多大才幹。
5. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.
結構分析:句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that…。冒號后的複合句是對冒號前部分作進一步說明。複合句中that引導賓語從句,從句中有either…or…引導的兩個並列的介詞結構作狀語,修飾動詞be treated,其中第一個with介詞結構中還有一個省略了關係代詞that或which的定語從句humans extend to other humans,修飾the consideration。it代指上文的觀點,即如果對人權沒有達成一致看法,而談論動物的權利是徒勞的。介詞短語at the outset譯為“從一開始”。動詞invites應轉譯為“使”、“讓”或“促使”。動賓結構extend consideration to意為“給予關懷或關心”,consideration不應譯為“考慮”。
譯文:這種說法從一開始就將討論引向極端,它使人們認為應該這樣對待動物:要麼像對人類自身一樣關懷體諒,要麼完全冷漠無情。
6. But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
結構分析:句子的框架是it was the farthest that…。但It was…that…在本句中不是強調句型。it是指上句中所提到的150億年前形成的巨大雲團(a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth);that引導的應是一個定語從句,修飾先行詞the farthest。for引導的是表示原因的分句,分句中還有that引導的定語從句,修飾the patterns and structure。
譯文:但更重要的是,這是科學家們所能觀測到的有關過去的最為遙遠的景象,因為他們看到的是150億年前宇宙雲的形狀和結構。
7. Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor,tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers,with their wives and children,were forced into the cities in search of work,and any work,under any condition,that would keep them alive.
結構分析:句子的框架是it happened that…。it做形式主語,that引導的從句做真正的主語。主語從句中,又有一個由when引導的時間狀語從句,主句為tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers…were forced…,時間狀語從句中從句主語the new factories又帶有一個定語從句that were springing up; that would keep them alive做work的定語從句。spring up意為“發生,出現,建立”。
譯文: 於是就出現了這樣的情況:正當新辦的工廠紛紛建立,需要勞動力的時候,成千上萬無家可歸、飢腸轆轆、以農業為生的勞動者攜家帶口,被迫進入城市;他們要找活干,不管什麼活兒,不論什麼條件,只要不被餓死就行。
8. As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments,she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.
結構分析:句子的框架是…we have come to believe that…。that引導的從句做believe的賓語從句;此從句中有一個that從句作the sense的同位語從句;同位語從句中又套嵌一個由when引導的時間狀語從句;此時間狀語從句又套嵌一個定語從句that endure,修飾其先行詞discoveries。by way of意為“經由,通過…方法”;reward sb. with意為“以…報答,酬勞”;endure此處應譯為“持久,持續”,不要譯為“忍受,容忍”。
譯文:由於兩三個世紀以來的科學研究成果,我們逐漸相信,如果運用合適的觀察和實驗方法向大自然探究問題,她會真心實意地給我們答覆,並且以永垂不朽的發現來報答我們。從這個意義上來說,大自然是可以認識的。
9. These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting.
結構分析:句子的框架是These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details…。後面緊跟省略了if引導的虛擬條件句were it not for the fact that…,即if it were not for the fact that…;that從句作the fact的同位語從句。此從句中又套嵌一個定語從句,修飾其先行詞the stage; required for reliable weather forecasting為過去分詞短語修飾the kind of measurements。simply譯為“只不過,僅僅”,不應譯為“簡單地”。
譯文:理論上的認識已達到了這樣一個階段,即現在已能指出需要哪種測量方式才能可靠地預報天氣。如果做不到這一點,那麼上述這些新的觀察能力只不過提供了一大堆細節而已。
10. The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes,namely that a solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces,has many different versions,of which the following is one.
結構分析:句子的框架是The story…has many different versions…。what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes為名詞性從句做介詞of的賓語。namely that a solid body…作the principle of Archimedes的同位語;when immersed in a liquid是省略了主語的過去分詞短語,句子補充完整為when the solid body is immersed in a liquid,修飾其主句a solid body loses a portion of its weight of the liquid…;it displaces是省略了關係代詞that的定語從句修飾the liquid,it代指前面提到的the solid body;同時,of which the following is one又構成先行詞versions的定語從句。displace意為“排(水)”;version不譯為“版本”,此處指“根據個人觀點的(對事件等的)說法,看法”;句尾的one代指a version。
譯文:當固體浸沒到液體中時,固體會失去它所排出的液體的那部分重量,這就是現在通常所謂的阿基米德原理。有關這一發現的故事說法眾多,下面的故事就是其中之一。